Resumo O trabalho tem por objetivo mensurar e caracterizar o fenômeno da pobreza multidimensional no estado do Maranhão e seus respectivos municípios. Ao considerar que esse estado é o mais pobre do Brasil em termos monetários, utiliza-se o Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) e sua comparação com as linhas de indigência e pobreza para discutir as potencialidades da abordagem multidimensional da pobreza. Para o cálculo do IPM foram utilizados os dados do componente amostral do Censo Demográfico de 2010. O IPM foi construído com quatro dimensões (educação, saúde, trabalho e padrão de vida) e 13 indicadores. Os resultados permitem identificar uma incidência de pobreza multidimensional muito pequena na comparação com a pobreza monetária, o que implica em uma focalização das situações de pobreza aguda, associadas a privações simultâneas e de difícil superação, que não necessariamente se associam com a privação de renda. Por meio da decomposição do IPM, aponta-se a necessidade do combate à pobreza por meio de políticas públicas e projetos sociais voltados à infraestrutura, em especial ao acesso à água potável, ao saneamento e ao tratamento de lixo doméstico, e à formalização do trabalho e melhoria da educação da população adulta.

Abstract This article aims to measure and characterize the phenomenon of multidimensional poverty in the state of Maranhão. Considering that the state is the poorest in Brazil in monetary terms, the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and its comparison with the poverty lines are used to discuss the potential of a multidimensional approach to poverty. To calculate the MPI, data from the sample component of the 2010 Census were used. The MPI was constructed with four dimensions (Education, Health, Work and Living Standard) and 13 indicators. The results allow us to identify a very small incidence of multidimensional poverty compared to monetary poverty, which implies a focus on situations of acute poverty, associated with simultaneous and difficult to overcome deprivations, which are not necessarily associated with income deprivation. By decomposing the index, the need to combat poverty through public policies and social projects aimed at infrastructure is pointed out, particularly access to drinking water, sanitation, and domestic waste treatment, and at the formalization of work and improvement of education of the adult population.

ABSTRACT Purpose The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of fibrin biopolymer sealant (FS) associated or not to aquatic exercise (AE) on the calcaneal tendon repair. Methods Forty-four female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups: Lesion control (L), Lesion and FS (LS), Lesion and AE (LE) and Lesion and FS associated to AE (LSE). The edema volume (EV), collagen ratio, and histopathological analysis were evaluated after 7, 14, and 21 days of partial tendon transection. Results The EV was statistically reduced for all treatment groups after 7 and 21 days when compared to L group. The LS and LSE had the highest EV reduction after 21 days of treatment. The FS group didn’t induce tissue necrosis or infections on the histopathological analysis. It was observed tenocytes proliferation, granulation tissue and collagen formation in the tendon partial transection area in the FS group. The LSE demonstrated higher amount of granulation tissue and increased the collagen deposition at the injury site. Conclusions Our data suggests that the therapeutic potential of the association of heterologous fibrin biopolymer sealant with aquatic exercise program should be further explored as it may stimulate the regeneration phase and optimize calcaneal tendon recovery.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo response of red light-emitting diode (LED) on acute lung injury (ALI) in a sepsis model in rats. Twenty rats were randomly allocated into two experimental groups (n=10): Control Sepsis Group (CS); sepsis and red LED group (SRL). The anterior region of the trachea and ventral regions of the chest (below the ribs), bilaterally were irradiated daily for two consecutive days, starting immediately after the surgery using red (630 nm) LED. The histological results showed that in red LED treated group presented a modulation of the lung inflammatory process, less intense alveolar septum thickening and decrease of the inflammatory cells. Moreover, LED significantly reduced the lung injury score and increased interleukin type 10 (IL-10) protein expression compared SG. These results suggest that LED was efficient in attenuating ALI in a sepsis model in rats by reducing inflammatory cells into lung tissue and enhancing the anti-inflammatory cytokine production.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 3 different fluences of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in intermediate period of spinal cord repair using an experimental model in rats. Thirty two rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups: Control Group (CG); Laser treated group 500 J/cm² (L-500); Laser treated group 750 J/cm² (L-750) and Laser treated group 1000 J/cm² (L-1000). Spinal cord injury (SCI) was performed by an impactor equipment (between 9th and 10th thoracic vertebrae), with a pressure of 150 kdyn. Afterwards, the injured region was irradiated daily for 14 consecutive sessions, using an 808 nm laser, at the respective fluence of each experimental groups. Locomotor function and tactile sensitivity were performed on days 1 and 15 post-surgery. Animals were euthanized 15 days post-surgery and samples were retrieved for histological and immunohistochemistry analysis. Functional behavior and tactile sensitivity were improved after laser irradiation. Moreover, higher fluencies of LLLT reduced the volume of injury. Additionally, LLLT produced a decreased CD-68 expression. These results demonstrated that, for an intermediate period of SCI repair, LLLT at higher fluences, was effective in promoting functional recovery and modulating the inflammatory process in the spinal cord of rats after traumatic SCI.

A pyrolyzed oil shale by-product known as retorted shale was functionalized with HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3/H2SO4 (3:1), Fenton's reagent, (NH4)2S2O7, NaOH, and KMnO4 using either ultrasound (Route 1) or reflux (Route 2). The products obtained were evaluated in terms of cation exchange capacity (CEC). Structural characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and infrared spectroscopy to identify the functional groups present. The best results were achieved using Route 2 with solutions of either H3PO4 or HNO3/H2SO4 (3:1), giving CEC values of 315 and 316 mmolc kg-1, respectively. The pyrolyzed oil shale functionalized using Route 2 (reflux) with NaOH as the activating agent showed the highest sorption of methylene blue (35.6 mg g-1). The main mechanisms observed for oil shale by-product functionalization were oxidation, nitration, and CaO leaching.

Neste artigo, analisamos os usos e as apropriações que as crianças fazem do jogo em um Centro de Educação Infantil de Vitória/ES/Brasil, para compreender o protagonismo que elas estabelecem nas relações com essa manifestação cultural. Para tanto, utilizamos os Estudos com o Cotidiano como pressuposto teórico-metodológico. Os dados foram produzidos por meio de narrativas e observação participante, durante quatro meses de inserção na escola. As análises revelam que o jogo é vivenciado pelas crianças em situações espontâneas e, sobretudo, nas aulas de Educação Física. No primeiro caso, as crianças organizam suas próprias práticas, com predomínio dos jogos simbólicos; já nas aulas, elas agem taticamente, alterando os jogos propostos pelo professor segundo os seus interesses e necessidades. Em ambos os casos, a perspectiva sócio-histórica, de Vygotsky, e o conceito de consumo produtivo, de Certeau, evidenciaram a produção cultural das crianças nas relações que estabelecem com o jogo, denotando o seu protagonismo.

Dans cet article nous analysons les habitudes et les appropriations que les enfants prennent du jeu dans un Centre d'Éducation Infantile de Vitória/ES/Brésil pour comprendre le "protagonisme" qu'ils établissent dans les rapports ayant cette manifestation culturelle. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé les Études avec le Quotidien comme présupposé théorique/méthodologique. Les données ont été produites au moyen de narrations et d'observations de participants pendant quatre mois d'insertion dans l'école. Les analyses révèlent que le jeu est vécu par les enfants dans des situations spontanées et surtout dans les cours d'Éducation Physique. Dans le premier cas, les enfants organisent leurs propres pratiques avec l'ascendance des jeux symboliques; mais, lors des cours, ils agissent tactiquement, modifiant les jeux proposés par le professeur selon leurs intérêts et leurs besoins. Dans les deux cas, la perspective socio-historique, de Vygotsky, et le concept de consommation productive, de Certeau, ont mis en relief la production culturelle des enfants dans les rapports qu'ils établissent avec le jeu, marquant, par là, leur "protagonisme".

In this article, it is analyzed how children appropriate and use playful activities (games) in a Children's Education Center located in the city of Vitória/ES/Brazil, in order to understand the role they establish in the relations with such cultural forms of expression. To do so, the Studies with the Daily Life were used as a methodological assumption. Data was produced through narratives and participant observations, for a four-month period of school insertion. The analyzes reveal that the game is lived by children in spontaneous situations and, above all, in Physical Education classes. In the first case, the children organize their own practices, predominantly of symbolic games; whereas in the classes, they act tactically, altering the games proposed by teachers according to their interests and needs. In both cases, Vygotsky social-historical perspective and Certeau's concept of productive consumption highlighted the cultural production of the children in the relations they establish with the game, denoting its main role.

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) used in two different fluencies on injured skeletal muscle after cryolesion by means of histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry for COX-2. A total of sixty male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into three groups: injured animals without any treatment; 808 nm laser treated group, at 10 J/cm² and 808 nm laser treated group, at 50 J/cm². Each group was divided into two different subgroups (n=10) on days 6 and 13 post-injury. The results showed that the animals irradiated with laser at 10 J/cm² or 50 J/cm² presented the areas with cell infiltrate and pointed out to minor and mild areas with destroyed zones compared with the control group. Also, a COX-2 downregulation was noticed in the groups exposed to laser at two fluences evaluated in this study. Significant statistically differences (p<0.05) were noticed to collagen deposition in the laser treated animals, with the fluence of 50 J/cm² when compared to the other groups on day 13 post-surgery. Taken together, these results suggested that laser therapy could have positive effects on muscle repair in the rats after cryolesion.

INTRODUÇÃO: Estima-se em mais de dois bilhões o número de infectados pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis no mundo. A interleucina-6 (IL-6) é uma importante citocina, cujos níveis séricos estão comumente elevados na tuberculose pulmonar ativa. A dosagem dessa citocina em contatos de pacientes com tuberculose pode ser útil para se acompanhar a evolução do processo infeccioso, bem como para inferir o risco de progressão da doença ativa. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os níveis séricos de IL-6 em contatos de pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar ativa e compará-los com os de dois outros grupos: a) pacientes acometidos por tuberculose pulmonar ativa; b) não contatos de tuberculose. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 15 contatos de pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar ativa, selecionados de acordo com protocolo preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Os níveis séricos de IL-6 foram mensurados por meio de ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). O mesmo ensaio também foi empregado nos dois grupos de comparação: 38 pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar ativa (confirmada por exame clínico, raios X de tórax e baciloscopia) e 63 não contatos, doadores saudáveis de sangue. RESULTADOS: Para o grupo de contatos, a mediana de concentração de IL-6 foi de 1,7 pg/ml (0,96-4,8 pg/ml); para os acometidos por tuberculose pulmonar ativa e indivíduos não contatos, esses valores foram 4,3 pg/ml (0-12 pg/ml) e 0,5 pg/ml (0-2,8 pg/ml), respectivamente (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Contatos de pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar ativa apresentaram níveis séricos de IL-6 significativamente aumentados (3,4 vezes mais), em relação aos indivíduos não contatos, mas em um patamar inferior (2,5 vezes menos), quando comparados com os acometidos pela doença ativa.

INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that over two billion individuals are infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis worldwide. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important cytokine whose serum levels are commonly high in active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). IL-6 screening in contacts of patients with TB may be useful to monitor the progress of the infectious process and to infer the risk of progression to active disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the serum levels of interleukin-6 in contacts of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and to compare them with two other groups: a) patients affected by active pulmonary tuberculosis; b) non-contacts of tuberculosis. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 15 contacts of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, selected according to the protocol recommended by the Ministry of Health. The serum levels of interleukin-6 were measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The same test was also applied in the two comparison groups: 38 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (confirmed by clinical examination, X-rays of the chest and baciloscopy) and 63 non-contacts (healthy blood donors). RESULTS: In the contact group, the median IL-6 concentration was 1.7 pg/ml (0.96-4.8 pg/ml). For those affected by active pulmonary tuberculosis and non-contact individuals, these values corresponded to 4.3 pg/ml (0.5-24 pg/ml) and 0.5 pg/ml (0-2.8 pg/ml), respectively (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Contacts of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis had significantly higher IL-6 serum levels (3.4 times higher) in relation to non-contact individuals, but on a lower level (2.5 times lower) when compared to those affected by active disease.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of iron overload on the profile of interleukin-10 levels, biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in sickle cell anemia patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed of 30 patients with molecular diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Patients were stratified into two groups, according to the presence of iron overload: Iron overload (n = 15) and Non-iron overload (n = 15). Biochemical analyses were performed utilizing the Wiener CM 200 automatic analyzer. The interleukin-10 level was measured by capture ELISA using the BD OptEIAT commercial kit. Oxidative stress parameters were determined by spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software (version 5.0) and statistical significance was established for p-values < 0.05 in all analyses. RESULTS: Biochemical analysis revealed significant elevations in the levels of uric acid, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea and creatinine in the Iron overload Group compared to the Non-iron overload Group and significant decreases in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Ferritin levels correlated positively with uric acid concentrations (p-value < 0.05). The Iron overload Group showed lower interleukin-10 levels and catalase activity and higher nitrite and malondialdehyde levels compared with the Non-iron overload Group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study are important to develop further consistent studies that evaluate the effect of iron overload on the inflammatory profile and oxidative stress of patients with sickle cell anemia.